PETROASIAGroup of Companies
PETROASIA Group delivers integrated maritime services across five independent specialist companies — serving clients in over 40 countries with uncompromising operational excellence and 24/7 commitment.
PETROASIA Group comprises five separate legal entities, each a specialist in its domain. Together they form one of the region's most comprehensive maritime service groups — from port agency and commodity trading to offshore operations, logistics, and professional vessel management.
Founded in 2000, PETROASIA has grown over 25 years from a regional shipping agency into one of the Middle East and Central Asia's most comprehensive maritime service groups — operating five independent specialist subsidiaries across ship agency, commodity trading, offshore operations, logistics, and vessel management.
Each PETROASIA subsidiary is a separate legal entity with its own management, operations, and specialist focus. Together, they share intelligence, networks, and the operational discipline that defines the PETROASIA name — delivering seamless integrated solutions that no standalone provider can replicate.
Our operations desks never close. Emergencies, urgent port calls, and time-critical supply requirements are handled at any hour.
Detailed reporting, honest communication, itemised financials, and no hidden costs — on every engagement, every time.
25 years of operational relationships across the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia give our clients an unmatched local advantage.
Five specialist companies working as one integrated group — covering every dimension of the maritime value chain.
PETROASIA Group holds membership in the world's leading maritime industry bodies — reflecting our commitment to international standards and professional excellence.
From pre-arrival planning through departure, PETROASIA SHIPPING AGENCY CO. serves as the authoritative on-the-ground representative for vessel owners, operators, and charterers — delivering 24/7 operational coverage, transparent financial reporting, and the local expertise that complex port operations demand.
PETROASIA SHIPPING AGENCY CO. is an independent legal entity within the PETROASIA Group, providing authoritative on-the-ground port agency representation for vessel owners, operators, and charterers across our port network. Established in 2000, our agency operation has built its reputation on operational reliability, financial transparency, and the responsiveness that this demanding industry requires.
We coordinate all aspects of the port call — managing communications with port authorities, terminal operators, customs officials, health inspectors, and local service providers — so that masters, owners, and operators can focus entirely on the safe and efficient operation of their vessel. Our agency team does not merely relay information. We act, coordinate, and resolve — taking full ownership of every port call from arrival notification to final departure.
Comprehensive care of vessel and crew throughout the port call. Crew change logistics including airport coordination, visa applications, hotel arrangements, medical appointments, provisions orders, cash-to-master, mail delivery, and P&I club communication. Every welfare matter handled with urgency and diligence.
Detailed Pre-Disbursement Account (PDA) estimates calculated from current port tariffs and actual supplier quotations. Final Disbursement Accounts (FDA) supported by original invoices and port authority documentation. No management fees on third-party services, no mark-ups, no rounding. Complete financial transparency on every port call.
All customs formalities for vessel entry and departure — General Declaration, Crew List, Cargo Manifest, Dangerous Goods declarations. Health clearance, quarantine, Free Pratique coordination. Crew immigration documentation, visa procedures, and direct liaison with port health and immigration authorities for prompt, complication-free clearance.
Coordination and oversight of all cargo operations — terminal superintendents, stevedoring companies, cargo surveyors. Liquid bulk: ullage, temperature, density surveys. Dry bulk: draft surveys, sampling, stowage documentation. Real-time reporting to owners and charterers, protecting laytime and managing the NOR/laytime statement process.
Marine fuel supply from supplier sourcing through barge scheduling, delivery, and final documentation. Coordination with approved suppliers for product grade confirmation, quality certification, and delivery quantity. On-board representative during bunkering to witness quantity surveying, verify mass flow meter calibration, and complete Bunker Delivery Note documentation. Independent surveyor attendance arranged where required.
Local P&I correspondent service for vessel insurers — immediate, impartial, and accurate on-the-ground reporting for incidents, cargo claims, crew injuries, stowaways, and port damage. Coordination of P&I surveyors, local lawyers, and maritime authorities. Evidence preservation, damage photography, witness statements, and factual incident reports in club-required format.
PETROASIA SHIPPING AGENCY CO. maintains a permanently staffed operations desk with full emergency response capability at all hours. Medical emergencies: hospital coordination, P&I liaison, ITF support. Technical emergencies: diving services, repair workshops, marine engineers. Security incidents: port security and national maritime authority coordination. No emergency is too complex or too urgent for our team to manage.
Pre-arrival preparation reviewing inspection history and identifying focus areas. Inspection attendance in person with surveyor access facilitation and interpretation. Post-inspection deficiency management: replacement equipment sourcing, repair services, corrective action documentation. Our managed vessels maintain a PSC deficiency rate consistently below industry average.
PETROASIA Group holds active memberships in the world's foremost maritime and trade organisations, reflecting our commitment to global standards and industry best practice.
Full spectrum tanker port calls — VLCC, Suezmax, Aframax, MR, and chemical tankers. STS transfer operations, COW supervision, vapour recovery procedures, SOLAS/MARPOL/IBC/IGC Code documentation. SIRE inspection preparation and P&I survey coordination.
Bulk carrier port calls across all cargo categories — grain, coal, iron ore, fertiliser, agri-products. Hold inspection coordination, GAFTA/FOSFA documentation, independent draft survey supervision, cargo sampling, fumigation arrangements.
Continuously updated operational intelligence on every port in our network — actual berth draft restrictions, tug availability, pilot boarding positions, terminal operator preferences, and informal authority relationships that accelerate clearances.
Our operations team is fluent in Arabic, Farsi, Urdu, Russian, and English — eliminating translation delays and documentation errors at every port authority, terminal operator, and government office in our network.
Current expertise across IMO regulations under SOLAS and MARPOL, port state MOU requirements (Paris, Tokyo, Indian Ocean), ISPS Code security, and MLC 2006 seafarer welfare obligations. Vessels briefed on local requirements before arrival.
Sourcing and coordination of provisions, deck stores, engine room consumables, safety equipment, and technical spare parts through certified, approved chandlers. Urgent spare parts procurement with customs clearance and vessel delivery within operational windows.
Provide your vessel and port details. Our operations team will issue a PDA and service plan within 4 business hours. For urgent matters, call our 24/7 desk.
All enquiries are confidential and handled by our operations team — PETROASIA SHIPPING AGENCY CO.
Physical trading of petroleum products, marine fuels, and dry bulk commodities — combining direct origination relationships, 25 years of regional market intelligence, integrated logistics capability, and disciplined commercial risk management.
PETROASIA TRADING CO. is a physical commodity trading operation — not a brokerage. We take title to every cargo we trade, bear the commercial risk, manage logistics end-to-end, and deliver to counterparties with full contractual accountability. Unlike intermediaries who earn a commission by connecting buyers and sellers, we own the cargo from origination to delivery — and are answerable for every element of that chain.
Direct Origination: Our sourcing network reaches refineries, state-owned producers, and independent blenders across Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and India. Relationships built over 25 years of sustained commercial engagement give us origination access at production economics — structural pricing advantages that intermediary-dependent traders cannot replicate. When supply disruptions occur or a vessel requires emergency fuel, our origination depth allows us to identify and confirm alternative sources within hours, not days.
Integrated Execution: From trade confirmation through final settlement, PETROASIA's integrated group infrastructure manages every link in the chain. Our Shipping Agency subsidiary handles vessel port calls and cargo documentation. Our Logistics subsidiary manages customs clearance, inland transport, and project cargo movements. Our trading operations team controls letter of credit compliance, SGS inspection, bill of lading issuance, and payment settlement. One group. One accountable counterparty. Zero coordination gaps between origin and destination.
Risk Management: Every trade is managed through our documented credit exposure framework, pricing risk protocol, and logistics risk assessment. We apply BIMCO standard contract frameworks, manage back-to-back and transferable L/C structures, and maintain a zero-discrepancy first-presentation policy on all documentary credit transactions.
Fuel Oil (HSFO 380cst, 180cst), VLSFO (≤0.5%S), LSMGO (≤0.1%S), MGO, Gasoil (0.1%S and 10ppm), Naphtha (Full Range and Light), Jet Fuel / ATF, and Base Oils (Group I, II, III). Spot cargo trades, term supply agreements, and back-to-back supply structures.
Physical bunker supply across Rotterdam, Singapore, Fujairah, Gibraltar, Houston, and regional Middle East ports. VLSFO, HSFO, LSMGO, and MGO — with independent quantity surveying and quality sampling on every delivery. Full IMO 2020/MARPOL Annex VI compliance, CIMAC sampling guideline adherence, and ISO 8217 quality dispute management.
Iron Ore, Coal (thermal and coking), Grain (wheat, corn, barley, soya), Fertilisers (urea, DAP, MOP). Minor bulks: Petcoke, Cement, Sugar, Rice, Salt. FOB, CFR, CIF, and DES structures. Origination directly from producers in Iran, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Africa.
Methanol, Urea (prilled and granular), Ammonia, Bitumen (penetration, oxidised, polymer-modified), Sulphur (bright yellow granular and molten), Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), and lubricant additives. ISO tank parcel through full tanker-sized parcels.
Full transaction document management — Bills of Lading (original and telex release), Certificates of Quality and Quantity, Certificates of Origin, SGS/Intertek inspection reports, and complete Letter of Credit documentation. Back-to-back L/Cs, transferable credits, deferred payment, and standby credit structures. Zero-discrepancy first-presentation policy.
Regular market intelligence to clients — VLSFO/HSFO price spread analysis, refinery output data, freight market indicators, and regulatory developments (IMO, EU ETS, CII) affecting fuel purchasing decisions. Derived from active market participation and proprietary regional data sources.
Our trading desk responds within 2 business hours during trading hours. For urgent supply, call direct at all hours.
Strictly confidential — PETROASIA TRADING CO.
PETROASIA OFFSHORE CO. delivers integrated shore-based support to the offshore oil & gas, marine construction, and subsea industries — bringing specialist knowledge, project management discipline, and 24/7 operational commitment to every offshore campaign we support.
PETROASIA OFFSHORE CO. is a dedicated offshore services entity — not a repurposed shipping agency with an offshore desk, but a specialist operation staffed by professionals with direct offshore industry experience. We understand that an OSV port call delay is not a laytime issue — it is a rig waiting on supply, with costs measured in tens of thousands of dollars per hour. Every process we operate is calibrated to this reality.
Project-centric methodology: Every offshore engagement is treated as a project with a named coordinator, a detailed logistics execution plan agreed before mobilisation, clear communication protocols with the client's OIM and project management team, and weekly performance reporting in OIM-ready format. We participate in pre-mobilisation planning meetings, embed in the project's operational communication structure, and maintain continuous end-to-end visibility from supply base receipt through installation platform delivery.
Dangerous goods capability across all 9 IMDG classes: Offshore operations involve some of the most complex and hazardous cargo categories in international logistics — from Class 1 explosives (seismic charges), Class 2 compressed gases (welding gases, breathing air, helium for saturation diving), and Class 3 flammable liquids (drilling chemicals), through Class 7 radioactive materials (formation evaluation logging tools). Our team holds IMDG, IATA DGR, and ADR certifications and manages full compliance — classification, UN-certified packaging selection, DG declarations, stowage segregation planning, and vessel loading supervision — for every hazardous item in every campaign.
Dedicated port agency for Platform Supply Vessels (PSVs), Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessels (AHTS), Crane Vessels, Pipe-Laying Barges, Accommodation Barges, Dive Support Vessels (DSVs), and Seismic Survey Vessels. For offshore vessels, every port delay is a rig waiting on supply — our team manages offshore vessel port calls with the urgency the offshore industry demands.
Full offshore personnel logistics — flight scheduling, hotel pre-mobilisation, BOSIET/HUET survival training coordination, medical fitness certificate verification (including IMCA D014 for diving personnel), offshore permit-to-work documentation, crew boat and helicopter transfer. For medivac: 24/7 response — coast guard or dedicated helicopter, hospital pre-admission, next-of-kin support, and MEDEVAC documentation.
Complete shore-based logistics for offshore campaigns — cargo receipt, inspection, classification, load planning, IMDG dangerous goods segregation, and vessel loading. Real-time cargo tracking with OIM and project manager visibility. Logistics coordinators participating in pre-mobilisation planning and embedded in the project's operational communication structure throughout the campaign.
Specialist logistical support for subsea IRM campaigns — mobilisation of ROV spreads, diving systems, and saturation diving equipment. Management of pressure vessels and hyperbaric equipment, saturation system certification coordination, helium/oxygen/compressed air dangerous goods under ADR regulations. Personnel logistics for saturation diving teams including IMCA D014 diving medical compliance.
Full logistical support chain for drilling campaigns — drill bits, jars, stabilisers, HWDP, drilling fluids and chemicals (weighted mud systems, cement, LCM), casing and tubing, and completion equipment. Supply base inventory management aligned with the well programme and drilling schedule, ensuring critical items are available before the rig requires them.
Offshore waste management planning and execution — reception, segregation, manifesting, and disposal of oily water, drilling cuttings, contaminated PPE, chemical packaging, food waste, and grey water. Compliance with MARPOL Annex I, II, V, and national offshore environmental regulations. Waste carrier documentation and environmental management system audit records.
Share your project details. Our offshore operations team will prepare a tailored logistics support proposal within 4 business hours.
All project information handled in strict confidence — PETROASIA OFFSHORE CO.
PETROASIA LOGISTICS CO. provides comprehensive freight forwarding and supply chain management — managing international cargo movements across all modes, all routes, and all commodity categories, with specialist expertise in energy sector supply chains, project cargo, and dangerous goods.
PETROASIA LOGISTICS CO. designs, manages, and optimises supply chains. The distinction from a freight broker is fundamental: a broker books a shipment and issues a house bill of lading. A strategic supply chain partner understands why that cargo exists, what happens if it is delayed by 48 hours, what the regulatory implications are at the destination border, and how to reroute it if the primary mode fails. We are the latter — and the difference is measurable in client outcomes.
What "strategic" means operationally: Our logistics team engages at the earliest stage of client projects — not after the cargo is ready to ship. We participate in pre-mobilisation planning for offshore campaigns, advise on packaging and classification during procurement for dangerous goods shipments, and assess route feasibility for project cargo before fabrication begins. This upstream engagement eliminates the costly surprises that occur when logistics is treated as an afterthought — oversized equipment that cannot pass through port gates, dangerous goods shipments rejected at the airline counter, and project modules arriving at the quayside without an approved marine warranty survey.
Energy sector DNA: Our team understands that a missing drilling bit or a delayed completion fluid can cost an operator hundreds of thousands of dollars in rig waiting time. We design energy sector supply chains with this reality as the starting point — vendor-managed inventory programmes at shore base, emergency rerouting protocols, pre-positioned critical spares, and structured consolidation programmes that reduce per-unit shipping cost by 20–30% without sacrificing delivery reliability.
Single-owner accountability: We never subcontract our operations management to third-party freight desks. Our own team manages your cargo from booking through delivery — maintaining physical and documentary chain of custody at every stage, providing real-time exception reporting, and taking ownership of problem resolution rather than passing accountability between parties.
Full-service freight forwarding across all modes — ocean freight (FCL, LCL, bulk, breakbulk, project cargo), air freight (general, express, charter, dangerous goods), road freight (FTL, LTL, cross-border bonded), and rail freight. Single operational contact owning the shipment from pickup to delivery.
Expert customs clearance — HS Code classification, import duty rates and FTA preference management, ATA Carnet for temporary importation, sanctions screening under UN/EU/US frameworks, and export control for dual-use goods. Specialised in bonded importation of drilling equipment and temporary importation of offshore survey instruments.
Route feasibility from the engineering stage — structural constraints on transport routes (bridge load ratings, culvert capacities, overhead clearances), load spreading design, oversize/overweight transport permits, highway authority and police escort coordination. Successfully managed modules exceeding 800 tonnes, reactor vessels over 100 metres, transformers for major energy infrastructure.
Full spectrum oil and gas logistics — exploration drilling consumables (vendor-managed inventory), production facility maintenance support (critical path items for planned shutdowns), and brownfield project material management (multi-origin, multi-modal delivery to tight installation windows). Offshore supply base inventory management with real-time visibility for project planners and OIMs.
IMDG, IATA DGR, and ADR-certified personnel managing full DG compliance: UN classification, UN-certified packaging selection, DG Declarations (Shipper's Declaration, DGN), labelling/marking/placarding, vessel stowage segregation planning. Including Class 1 (explosives for seismic), Class 7 (radioactive logging tools), Class 2 (compressed gases), all Classes 3–9.
Bonded and general warehouse facilities for consolidation, deconsolidation, inspection, and distribution with real-time inventory management. For offshore clients: vendor-managed inventory programmes maintaining pre-agreed minimum stock levels with automatic replenishment triggers, ensuring PSV run cargoes are assembled within the operational window.
Delivery to locations standard freight networks do not reach — offshore installations by helicopter sling load or crew boat, island locations with restricted port infrastructure, and remote onshore sites. Specific operational procedures for helicopter-sling load preparation, crew boat cargo securing for exposed-water transits, and charter aviation/marine coordination.
Standard freight quotes within 4 business hours. The more detail you provide, the more accurate and competitive our response.
Confidential — PETROASIA LOGISTICS CO.
PETROASIA SHIPMANAGEMENT CO. provides full-service third-party vessel management for shipowners — technical management, crew management, ISM/SMS administration, commercial management, and CII decarbonisation compliance — delivered by experienced maritime professionals who manage every vessel as if it were their own asset.
PETROASIA SHIPMANAGEMENT CO. manages vessels through a single governing philosophy: owner-alignment. Every management decision — from a spare parts procurement to a drydocking scope definition — is evaluated through the lens of what a prudent, commercially-minded shipowner would do if managing the vessel themselves. We control costs, maintain standards, and report transparently because our clients' commercial success is the foundation of our management relationship.
Owner-aligned management in practice: When a superintendent recommends a repair, they provide three quotations, a technical justification, and a risk assessment of deferral. When CII performance deviates from the vessel's annual plan, the technical team identifies the cause and proposes corrective measures before the next flag state reporting period. When a drydocking scope is developed, it starts from the vessel's actual condition identified in our pre-docking survey — not from a standard template applied regardless of vessel age or trading pattern. Drydocking budget target: within 5% of agreed scope cost, every time.
ISM as a living operational system: Our Safety Management System is not a document created for audit purposes and updated annually to close recurring findings. It is a continuously-maintained operational framework, regularly improved through near-miss reports, industry safety bulletins, and PSC inspection trend analysis. Our internal SMS auditors conduct annual vessel audits that replicate the rigour of a flag state inspection — identifying deficiencies before they become detentions. Our managed fleet has maintained a zero-detention record under continuous management.
Crew retention investment: We invest in crew welfare because experienced, loyal crews deliver safer, more efficient, and commercially more reliable operations than crews in constant rotation. Our seafarer assistance programme, financial wellness support, and career development framework are not box-ticking exercises — they are commercial investments in the reliability of the vessels our owners depend on.
Complete technical lifecycle management through a rigorously maintained Planned Maintenance System (PMS). All class-required surveys coordinated with classification societies (Lloyd's Register, DNV, Bureau Veritas, ClassNK). Drydocking: detailed specification documents, pre-drydock condition surveys, competitive tendering to approved shipyards, full supervision, and budget compliance within 5% target.
Seafarer recruitment across multiple seafaring nations. Pre-joining vetting: STCW certificate verification with administration authenticity checks, ENG1 medical fitness, drug/alcohol testing, and reference checks. MLC 2006 compliant contracts, transparent on-time payroll, seafarer assistance programme, career development framework, and crew retention investment.
Operationally practical Safety Management Systems — written in language officers and engineers use in real work. Functioning non-conformity and near-miss reporting system generating genuine operational improvements. Internal SMS auditors conducting annual vessel audits replicating flag state/class society rigour. DOC and SMC management with all audit coordination.
Active working relationships with maritime administrations across flag states we work under. Survey notifications submitted on time, certificates renewed before expiry, casualty and incident reports filed within required timeframes. 12-month forward survey schedule with upcoming survey commitments, estimated costs, and preparation requirements for every managed vessel.
Active CII rating monitoring with real-time Annual Efficiency Ratio (AER) tracking, improvement measure identification (propeller optimisation, hull cleaning, voyage speed, fuel switching), and CII rating submission to flag state. EEXI compliance documentation and technical file management. IMO 2050 decarbonisation pathway advisory for long-term fleet commercial viability.
Voyage optimisation analysis, charter party administration (freight, demurrage, despatch, deviation claims), freight/hire collection, and comprehensive vessel P&L reporting. Time charter: hire statement process, off-hire claims, redelivery condition negotiations. Spot voyage: voyage results accounting from commencement through final freight settlement.
Full insurance programme management — H&M placement, war risks, P&I club entry, and Loss of Hire insurance. H&M claims: hull surveyor instruction, underwriter liaison, documentation compilation, and settlement negotiation. P&I coordination with club claims handlers and correspondent network. Loss prevention advisory reviewing claims history and near-miss patterns.
Delivered by experienced naval architects and marine engineers with direct shipyard experience — evaluating steel renewal quality, coating application against specification, and negotiating with shipyards from technical knowledge. Newbuilding supervision at all major milestones: keel laying, block assembly, launch, inclining experiment, and sea trials. Ensuring delivered vessel meets contractual specification.
Share your fleet details. Our management team will review and arrange a personalised consultation within one business day.
Strictly confidential — PETROASIA SHIPMANAGEMENT CO.
Founded in 2000 in Tehran, PETROASIA Group has grown over 25 years from a regional shipping agency into one of the Middle East and Central Asia's most comprehensive maritime service groups — comprising five independent specialist subsidiaries.
PETROASIA Group was founded in 2000 by maritime professionals who recognised the demand for a truly integrated, client-focused maritime services organisation serving the Middle East and Central Asia — regions characterised by significant hydrocarbon production, substantial maritime trade flows, and a historically fragmented service landscape.
Beginning with shipping agency operations, we built our business the right way — one port call at a time, earning clients' trust through operational reliability, financial transparency, and the responsiveness that this demanding industry requires. As our client base grew, clients asked us to extend our capabilities into adjacent services — commodity trading, offshore logistics, freight forwarding, vessel management — recognising the operational discipline and relationship quality they experienced in our agency work.
Today, PETROASIA Group operates five independent specialist subsidiaries — each a separate legal entity — united by a shared commitment to operational excellence, transparent communication, and the long-term client relationships that define our commercial model.
Each PETROASIA subsidiary is a distinct legal entity with independent management, operations, specialist expertise, and its own separate brand identity.
We hold ourselves to the highest operational standards in everything we do — from the speed of our response to the accuracy of our documentation. Excellence is the standard we apply to every port call, every trade, and every logistics movement.
We do not transact with clients — we partner with them for the long term. We invest in understanding their operations, challenges, and objectives. Our longest client relationships span over 20 years.
Honest, accurate communication is the foundation of lasting relationships. Our clients always know the full picture — PDA/FDA accounting is itemised to the line, management reporting is complete and timely, and our proposals include no hidden costs.
We conduct every aspect of our business with uncompromising integrity — in our commercial dealings, regulatory compliance, financial reporting, and treatment of every person we interact with. Our reputation is our most valuable asset.
25 years of operational relationships across the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia give our clients an unmatched local advantage. We know these markets because we have operated in them continuously since 2000.
We never stop improving. We learn from every port call, every trade, and every operational challenge — applying that knowledge systematically to raise the standard of everything we deliver.
PETROASIA Group is always seeking talented maritime professionals who share our commitment to excellence and integrity. We recruit across all five subsidiaries and welcome applications from both experienced professionals and those early in their maritime careers.
Don't see your role listed?
We welcome general applications from experienced maritime professionals. Strong candidates are retained for current and upcoming opportunities.
Submit your application below. Our recruitment team responds to all applications within 5 business days.
All applications reviewed by our HR team — PETROASIA Group.
Contact PETROASIA Group or any of our five independent subsidiaries. Each has its own operations team and dedicated contact point — ensuring your enquiry reaches the right specialist immediately.
All five PETROASIA subsidiaries share the same registered address and telephone — each routing to their dedicated email and operations team.
Port agency, husbandry, bunkering, P&I, 24/7 emergency response
info@petroasia.netPetroleum products, bunker fuels, dry bulk, petrochemical trading
trading@petroasia.netOffshore logistics, OSV agency, drilling support, subsea IRM
offshore@petroasia.netFreight forwarding, customs brokerage, project cargo, DG logistics
chartering@petroasia.netTechnical management, crew management, ISM/SMS, CII compliance
shipmanagement@petroasia.netSelect the relevant subsidiary and your enquiry will be automatically directed to the correct operations team. For urgent matters, contact the relevant subsidiary email directly.
Select your enquiry type and your message will be routed to the correct PETROASIA subsidiary automatically.
